Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Volume 61, Issue 3 , Pages 357-362 , March 2005

ASGE Guideline: guidelines for endoscopy in pregnant and lactating women

References 

  1. Kammerer WS. Non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy. Med Clin North Am. 1979;63:1157–1164
  2. Brent RL. The effect of embryonic and fetal exposure to X-ray microwaves, and ultrasound: counseling the pregnant and nonpregnant patient about these risks. Semin Oncol. 1989;16:347–368
  3. Brent RL. Radiation teratogenesis. Teratology. 1980;21:281–298
  4. Tamir IL, Bomghard FS, Klein SR. Acute appendicitis in the pregnant patient. Am J Surg. 1990;160:571–576
  5. Heinonen OP, Stone D, Shapiro S. Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Boston: John Wright; 1982;
  6. Briggs GG, Greeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 6th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2002;
  7. Martin LV, Jurand A. The absence of teratogenic effects of some analgesics used in anesthesia: additional evidence from the mouse model. Anesthesia. 1992;47:473–476
  8. Ornoy A, Arnon J, Shechtman S, Moerman L, Lukashova I. Is benzodiazepine use during pregnancy really teratogenic?. Reprod Toxicol. 1998;12:511–515
  9. Dolovich LR, Addis A, Vaillancourt JMR, Power JD, Koren G, Einarson TR. Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-controlled studies. BMJ. 1998;317:839–843
  10. Laegreid L, Olegard R, Wahlstrom J, Conradi N. Teratogenic effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy. J Pediatr. 1989;114:126–131
  11. Cagiano R, de Salvia MA, Giustino A, Lacomba C, Cuomo V. Behavioral changes produced in rats by developmental exposure to flumazenil, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1993;17:151–159
  12. Anonymous. Physician's desk reference. 56th ed.. Montvale (NJ): Medical Economics; 2002;
  13. Gin T. Propofol during pregnancy. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 1994;32:127–132
  14. Heinonen OP, Stone D, Sharipo S. Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Boston: John Wright; 1982;
  15. Ell C, Fischbach W, Keller R, Dehe M, Mayer G, Schneider B, et al. A randomized, blinded, prospective trial to compare the safety and efficacy of three bowel-cleansing solutions for colonoscopy. Endoscopy. 2003;35:300–304
  16. Cappell MS. The fetal safety and clinical efficacy of gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2003;32:123–179
  17. Cappell MS, Colon V, Sidhom OA. A study of eight medical centers of the safety and clinical efficacy of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 83 pregnant females with follow-up of fetal outcome and with comparison to control groups. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:348–354
  18. Cappell MS, Sidhom O, Colon V. A study at ten medical centers of the safety and efficacy of 48 flexible sigmoidoscopies and 8 colonoscopies during pregnancy with follow-up of fetal outcome and with comparison to control groups. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:2353–2360
  19. Frank B. Endoscopy in pregnancy. In:  Karlstadt RG,  Surawicz CM,  Croitoru R editor. Gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancy. Arlington (VA): American College of Gastroenterology; 1994;p. 24–29
  20. Jamidar PA, Beck GJ, Hoffman BJ, Lehman GA, Hawes RH, Agrawal RM, et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:1263–1276
  21. Axelrad AM, Flelischer DE, Strack LL, Benjamin SB, al-Kawas FH. Performance of ERCP for symptomatic choledocholithiasis during pregnancy: techniques to increase safety and improve patient management. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;89:109–112
  22. Tham TCK, Vandervoort J, Wong RCK, Montes H, Roston AD, Slivka A, et al. Safety of ERCP during pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;987:308–311
  23. Medical radiation exposure of pregnant and potentially pregnant women. NCRP Report no. 54. Washington, DC: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; 1977;
  24. Johlin FC, Pelsang RE, Greenleaf M. Phantom study to determine radiation exposure to medical personnel involved in ERCP fluoroscopy and its reduction through equipment and behavior modifications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:893–897
  25. Einarson A, Bailey B, Inocencion G, Ormond K, Koren G. Accidental electric shock in pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:678–681
  26. Marcus MA, Vertommen JD, Van Aken H, Wouters PF. Hemodynamic effects of intravenous isoproterenol versus epinephrine in the chronic maternal-fetal sheep preparation. Anesth Analg. 1996;82:1023–1026
  27. Nau H. Clinical pharmacokinetics in pregnancy and perinatology. I. Placental transfer and fetal side effects of local anaesthetic agents. Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1985;8:149–181
  28. Matheson I, Lunde PK, Bredesen JE. Midazolam and nitrazepam in the maternity ward: milk concentrations and clinical effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;30:787–793
  29. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs . The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 1994;93:137–150
  30. Steer PL, Biddle CJ, Marley WS, Lantz RK, Sulik PL. Concentration of fentanyl in colostrum after an analgesic dose. Can J Anaesth. 1992;39:231–235
  31. Peiker G, Muller B, Ihn W, Noschel H. Ausscheidung von pethidin durch die muttermilch [Excretion of pethidine in mother's milk (author's transl)]. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1980;102:537–541
  32. Freeborn SF, Calvert RT, Black P, Macfarlane T, D'Souza SW. Saliva and blood pethidine concentrations in the mother and the newborn baby. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1980;87:966–969
  33. Wittels B, Scott DT, Sinatra RS. Exogenous opiods in human breast milk and acute neonatal neurobehavior: a preliminary study. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:864–869
  34. Ito S. Drug therapy for breast-feeding women. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:118–126
  35. Dailland P, Cockshott ID, Lirzin JD, Jacquinot P, Jorrot JC, Devery J, et al. Intravenous propofol during cesarean section: placental transfer, concentrations in breast milk, and neonatal effects. A preliminary study. Anesthesiology. 1989;71:827–834
  36. Heins JR. Antibiotics and breastfeeding. S D J Med. 2000;53:439–440

PII: S0016-5107(04)02780-4

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Volume 61, Issue 3 , Pages 357-362 , March 2005