Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Volume 70, Issue 6 , Pages 1060-1070 , December 2009

Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures

References 

  1. Eisen GM, Baron TH, Dominitz JA, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guideline on the management of antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy for endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55:775–779
  2. Zuckerman MJ, Hirota WK, Adler DG, et al. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ASGE guideline: the management of low-molecular-weight heparin and nonaspirin antiplatelet agents for endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61:189–194
  3. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924–926
  4. Choudari CP, Rajgopal C, Palmer KR. Acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage in anticoagulated patients: diagnoses and response to endoscopic treatment. Gut. 1994;35:464–466
  5. Sieg A, Hachmoeller-Eisenbach U, Eisenbach T. Prospective evaluation of complications in outpatient GI endoscopy: a survey among German gastroenterologists. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53:620–627
  6. Parra-Blanco A, Kaminaga N, Kojima T, et al. Hemoclipping for postpolypectomy and postbiopsy colonic bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51:37–41
  7. Williams EJ, Taylor S, Fairclough P, et al. Risk factors for complication following ERCP; results of a large-scale, prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy. 2007;39:793–801
  8. Vandervoort J, Soetikno RM, Tham TC, et al. Risk factors for complications after performance of ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:652–656
  9. Mensink PB, Haringsma J, Kucharzik T, et al. Complications of double balloon enteroscopy: a multicenter survey. Endoscopy. 2007;39:613–615
  10. Mortensen MB, Fristrup C, Holm FS, et al. Prospective evaluation of patient tolerability, satisfaction with patient information, and complications in endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopy. 2005;37:146–153
  11. Waye J. Colonoscopy. CA Cancer J Clin. 1992;42:350–365
  12. Remine SG, Hughes RW, Weiland LH. Endoscopic gastric polypectomy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1981;56:371–375
  13. May A, Nachbar L, Pohl J, et al. Endoscopic interventions in the small bowel using double balloon enteroscopy: feasibility and limitations. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:527–535
  14. Cotton PB, Lehman G, Vennes J, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy complications and their management: an attempt at consensus. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37:383–393
  15. Singh VV, Draganov P, Valentine J. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic balloon dilation of symptomatic upper and lower gastrointestinal Crohn's disease strictures. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39:284–290
  16. Solt J, Bajor J, Szabó M, et al. Long-term results of balloon catheter dilation for benign gastric outlet stenosis. Endoscopy. 2003;35:490–495
  17. DiSario JA, Fennerty MB, Tietze CC, et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation for ulcer-induced gastric outlet obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;89:868–871
  18. Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Tanaka N, et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing the direct method using a 24 Fr bumper-button-type device with the pull method for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Endoscopy. 2008;40:722–726
  19. Al-Haddad M, Wallace MB, Woodward TA, et al. The safety of fine-needle aspiration guided by endoscopic ultrasound: a prospective study. Endoscopy. 2008;40:204–208
  20. King SB, Smith SC, Hirshfeld JW, et al. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:172–209
  21. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Briet E. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prosthesis. Circulation. 1994;89:635–641
  22. Stein RD, Alpert IS, Copeland J, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves. Chest. 1992;102:445s–455s
  23. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. [published erratum appears in Arch Intern Med 1994;154:2254] Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1449–1457
  24. Hart RG, Pearce LA, McBride R, et al. Factors associated with ischemic stroke during aspirin therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of 2012 participants in the SPAF I-III clinical trials. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) Investigators. Stroke. 1999;30:1223–1229
  25. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Optimum duration of antithrombotic for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet. 1992;340:873–876
  26. Basson MD, Panzini L, Palmer RH. Effect of nabumetone and aspirin on colonic mucosal bleeding time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:539–542
  27. Nakajima H, Takami H, Yamagata K, et al. Aspirin effects on colonic mucosal bleeding: implications for colonic biopsy and polypectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:1484–1488
  28. Gerson LB, Gage BF, Owens DK, et al. Effect and outcomes of the ASGE guidelines on the periendoscopic management of patients who take anticoagulants. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1717–1724
  29. Shiffman ML, Farrel MT, Yee YS. Risk of bleeding after endoscopic biopsy or polypectomy in patients taking aspirin or other NSAIDs. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40:458–462
  30. Hui AJ, Wong RM, Ching JY, et al. Risk of colonoscopic polypectomy bleeding with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents: analysis of 1657 cases. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:44–48
  31. Sawhney MS, Salfiti N, Nelson DB, et al. Risk factors for severe delayed postpolypectomy bleeding. Endoscopy. 2008;40:115–119
  32. Friedland S, Soetikno R. Colonoscopy with polypectomy in anticoagulated patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64:98–100
  33. Howell DA, Eswaran SL, Loew BJ, et al. Use of hemostatic clips in patients undergoing colonoscopy in the setting of Coumadin antithrombotic therapy. [abstract] Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:AB98
  34. Sobrino-Faya M, Martínez S, Gómez Balado M, et al. Clips for the prevention and treatment of postpolypectomy bleeding (hemoclips in polypectomy). Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2002;94:457–462
  35. Friedland S, Sedehi D, Soetikno R. Colonoscopic polypectomy in anticoagulated patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:1973–1976
  36. Masci E, Toti G, Mariani A, et al. Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:417–423
  37. Freeman ML, Nelson DB, Sherman S, et al. Complications of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:909–918
  38. Cotton PB, Garrow DA, Gallagher J, et al. Risk factors for complications after ERCP: a multivariate analysis of 11,497 procedures over 12 years. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70:80–88
  39. Hui CK, Lai KC, Yuen MF, et al. Does withholding aspirin for one week reduce the risk of post-sphincterotomy bleeding?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:929–936
  40. Hussain N, Alsulaiman R, Burtin P, et al. The safety of endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients receiving antiplatelet agents: a case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25:579–584
  41. Luman W, Kwek KR, Loi KL, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy—indications and outcome of our experience at the Singapore General Hospital. Singapore Med J. 2001;42:460–465
  42. Schapiro GD, Edmundowicz SA. Complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1996;6:409–422
  43. Williams DO, Abbott JD, Kip KE. DEScover Investigators. Outcomes of 6906 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of drug-eluting stents: report of the DEScover Registry. Circulation. 2006;114:2154–2162
  44. Iakovou I, Schmidt T, Bonizzoni E, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. JAMA. 2005;293:2126–2130
  45. Mauri L, Hsieh WH, Massaro JM, et al. Stent thrombosis in randomized clinical trials of drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1020–1029
  46. Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, et al. American Heart Association; American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2003;107:1692–1711
  47. Garcia DA, Regan S, Henault LE, et al. Risk of thromboembolism with short-term interruption of warfarin therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:63–69
  48. Blacker DJ, Wijdicks EF, McClelland RL. Stroke risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing endoscopy. Neurology. 2003;61:964–968
  49. Constans M, Santamaria A, Mateo J, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging therapy during interruption of oral anticoagulation in patients undergoing colonoscopy or gastroscopy. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61:212–217
  50. Fuster V, Rydéen LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. [published erratum appears in Circulation 2007;116:e138] Circulation. 2006;114:e257–e354
  51. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. 2006 Writing Committee Members; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force. 2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2008;118:e523–e661
  52. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Thoracic SurgeonsBonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons [published erratum appears in Circulation 2007;115:e409]. Circulation. 2006;114:e84–e231
  53. Kovacs MJ, Kearon C, Rodger M, et al. Single-arm study of bridging therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin for patients at risk of arterial embolism who require temporary interruption of warfarin. Circulation. 2004;110:1658–1663
  54. Seshadri N, Goldhaber SZ, Elkayam U, et al. The clinical challenge of bridging antithrombotic with low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves: an evidence-based comparative review focusing on antithrombotic options in pregnant and nonpregnant patients. Am Heart J. 2005;150:27–34
  55. Elkayam UR. Anticoagulation in pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves: a double jeopardy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1704–1706
  56. Ginsberg JS, Chan WS, Bates SM, et al. Anticoagulation of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:694–698
  57. Bates SM, Greer IA, Pabinger I, et al. American College of Chest Physicians. Venous thromboembolism, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133(6 Suppl):844S-86
  58. Timothy SK, Hicks TC, Opelka FG, et al. Colonoscopy in the patient requiring anticoagulation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1845–1848discussion, 1848-9
  59. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Poller L, et al. The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. [published erratum appears in Chest 2005;127:415-416] Chest. 2004;126(3 Suppl):204S-33
  60. Tabibian N. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding in anticoagulated patients: a prospective evaluation. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84:10–12
  61. Taha AS, Angerson WJ, Knill-Jones RP, et al. Upper gastrointestinal mucosal abnormalities and blood loss complicating low-dose aspirin and antithrombotic therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:489–495
  62. Hashash JG, Shamseddeen W, Skoury A, et al. Gross lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients on anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy: endoscopic findings, management, and clinical outcomes. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Aug 11;[Epub ahead of print]
  63. Rubin TA, Murdoch M, Nelson DB. Acute GI bleeding in the setting of supratherapeutic international normalized ratio in patients taking warfarin: endoscopic diagnosis, clinical management, and outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;58:369–373
  64. Wolf AT, Wasan SK, Saltzman JR. Impact of anticoagulation on rebleeding following endoscopic therapy for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:290–296
  65. Chan FK, Ching JY, Hung LC, et al. Clopidogrel versus aspirin and esomeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:238–244
  66. Lai KC, Chu KM, Hui WM, et al. Esomeprazole with aspirin versus clopidogrel for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal ulcer complications. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:860–865
  67. Sung J, Lau J, Ching J, et al. Can aspirin be reintroduced with proton pump inhibitor infusion after endoscopic hemostasis? A double blinded randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(Suppl 2):A134
  68. Kuwada SK, Balm R, Gostout CJ. The role of withdrawing chronic antithrombotic because of acute GI bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1116–1119
  69. Ananthasubramaniam K, Beattie JN, Rosman HS, et al. How safely and for how long can warfarin therapy be withheld in prosthetic heart valve patients hospitalized with a major hemorrhage?. Chest. 2001;119:478–484
  70. Hallas J, Dall M, Andries A, et al. Use of single and combined antithrombotic therapy and risk of serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding: population based case-control study. BMJ. 2006;333:726
  71. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet. 1996;348:1329–1339
  72. Moscucci M, Fox KA, et al. Predictors of major bleeding in acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1815–1823
  73. Al-Mallah M, Bazari RN, Jankowski M, et al. Predictors and outcomes associated with gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2007;23:51–55
  74. Abbas AE, Brodie B, Dixon S, et al. Incidence and prognostic impact of gastrointestinal bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:173–176
  75. Lin S, Konstance R, Jollis J, et al. The utility of upper endoscopy in patients with concomitant upper gastrointestinal bleeding and acute myocardial infarction. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51:2377–2383
  76. Cappell MS, Iacovone FM. Safety and efficacy of esophagogastroduodenoscopy after myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 1999;106:29–35
  77. Cappell MS. Safety and efficacy of colonoscopy after myocardial infarction: an analysis of 100 study patients and 100 control patients at two tertiary cardiac referral hospitals. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60:901–909
  78. Spier BJ, Said A, Moncher K, Pfau PR. Safety of endoscopy after myocardial infarction based on cardiovascular risk categories: a retrospective analysis of 135 patients at a tertiary referral medical center. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;41:462–467
  79. Yachimski P, Hur C. Upper endoscopy in patients with acute myocardial infarction and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: results of a decision analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:701–711

 This document is a product of the Standards of Practice Committee. This document was reviewed and approved by the Governing Board of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. This document was reviewed and endorsed by the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons Guidelines Committee and Board of Governors.

PII: S0016-5107(09)02549-8

doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.09.040

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Volume 70, Issue 6 , Pages 1060-1070 , December 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution