Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Volume 71, Issue 7 , Pages 1234-1240 , June 2010

Association of smoking and flat adenomas: results from an asymptomatic population screened with a high-definition colonoscope

Presented as an abstract at the American Gastroenterological Association's Digestive Disease Week Topic Forum (Important Clinical Issues Regarding Polyps and Colorectal Cancer), San Diego, California, May 19, 2008 (Gastroenterology 2008;134(Suppl 1):A60-A61).

Received 11 September 2009 ,Accepted 7 December 2009.

References 

  1. Muto T, Kamiya J, Sawada T, et al. Small “flat adenoma” of the large bowel with special reference to its clinicopathologic features. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:847–851
  2. Kil Lee S, Il Kim T, Kwan Shin S, et al. Comparison of the clinicopathologic features between flat and polypoid adenoma. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43:1116–1121
  3. Park DH, Kim HS, Kim WH, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics and malignant potential of colorectal flat neoplasia compared with that of polypoid neoplasia. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:43–49discussion 49
  4. Kim J, Rami P, O'Toole J, et al. Prevalence and size of flat neoplasms in a heterogeneous population undergoing routine colorectal cancer screening. Colorectal Dis. 2009 Feb 27;[Epub ahead of print]
  5. Ross AS, Waxman I. Flat and depressed neoplasms of the colon in Western populations. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:172–180
  6. O'Brien MJ, Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, et al. Flat adenomas in the National Polyp Study: is there increased risk for high-grade dysplasia initially or during surveillance?. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:905–911
  7. Rembacken BJ, Fujii T, Cairns A, et al. Flat and depressed colonic neoplasms: a prospective study of 1000 colonoscopies in the UK. Lancet. 2000;355:1211–1214
  8. Soetikno RM, Kaltenbach T, Rouse RV, et al. Prevalence of nonpolypoid (flat and depressed) colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults. JAMA. 2008;299:1027–1035
  9. Tsuda S, Veress B, Toth E, Fork FT. Flat and depressed colorectal tumours in a southern Swedish population: a prospective chromoendoscopic and histopathological study. Gut. 2002;51:550–555
  10. Tweedle EM, Chaudhri S, Azadeh B, Rooney PS. Small, flat colorectal cancers in the UK population: an analysis of resected specimens. Colorectal Dis. 2007;9:641–646
  11. Yashiro M, Carethers JM, Laghi L, et al. Genetic pathways in the evolution of morphologically distinct colorectal neoplasms. Cancer Res. 2001;61:2676–2683
  12. Kahi CJ, Imperiale TF, Juliar BE, et al. Effect of screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:770–775quiz 711. Epub 2009 Jan 11.
  13. Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF, et al. Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:1–8
  14. Rex DK, Helbig CC. High yields of small and flat adenomas with high-definition colonoscopes using either white light or narrow band imaging. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:42–47
  15. Pellise M, Fernandez-Esparrach G, Cardenas A, et al. Impact of wide-angle, high-definition endoscopy in the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1062–1068
  16. The Paris endoscopic classification of superficial neoplastic lesions: esophagus, stomach, and colon: November 30 to December 1, 2002. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:S3–S43
  17. Endoscopic Classification Review Group. Update on the paris classification of superficial neoplastic lesions in the digestive tract. Endoscopy. 2005;37:570–578
  18. Kudo S, Lambert R, Allen JI, et al. Nonpolypoid neoplastic lesions of the colorectal mucosa. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:S3–S47
  19. Anderson JC, Attam R, Alpern Z, et al. Prevalence of colorectal neoplasia in smokers. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2777–2783
  20. Lieberman DA, Prindiville S, Weiss DG, et al. Risk factors for advanced colonic neoplasia and hyperplastic polyps in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA. 2003;290:2959–2967
  21. Chao A, Thun MJ, Jacobs EJ, et al. Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer mortality in the cancer prevention study II. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1888–1896
  22. Colangelo LA, Gapstur SM, Gann PH, et al. Cigarette smoking and colorectal carcinoma mortality in a cohort with long-term follow-up. Cancer. 2004;100:288–293
  23. Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in U.S. women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86:192–199
  24. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in U.S. men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86:183–191
  25. Paskett ED, Reeves KW, Rohan TE, et al. Association between cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Initiative. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1729–1735
  26. Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2008. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:739–750
  27. Yu JH, Bigler J, Whitton J, et al. Mismatch repair polymorphisms and colorectal polyps: hMLH1-93G. A variant modifies risk associated with smoking. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1313–1319
  28. Slattery ML, Curtin K, Anderson K, et al. Associations between cigarette smoking, lifestyle factors, and microsatellite instability in colon tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1831–1836
  29. Ogawa T, Yoshida T, Tsuruta T, et al. Genetic instability on chromosome 17 in the epithelium of nonpolypoid colorectal carcinomas compared to polypoid lesions. Cancer Sci. 2006;97:1335–1342
  30. Jass JR. Hyperplastic polyps of the colorectum—innocent or guilty?. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:163–166
  31. Samowitz WS, Albertsen H, Sweeney C, et al. Association of smoking, CpG island methylator phenotype, and V600E BRAF mutations in colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:1731–1738
  32. Curtin K, Samowitz WS, Wolff RK, et al. Somatic alterations, metabolizing genes and smoking in rectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2009;125:158–164
  33. Hiraoka S, Kato J, Tatsukawa M, et al. Laterally spreading type of colorectal adenoma exhibits a unique methylation phenotype and K-ras mutations. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:379–389
  34. Takahashi T, Nosho K, Yamamoto H, et al. Flat-type colorectal advanced adenomas (laterally spreading tumors) have different genetic and epigenetic alterations from protruded-type advanced adenomas. Mod Pathol. 2007;20:139–147
  35. Rosenberg DW, Yang S, Pleau DC, et al. Mutations in BRAF and KRAS differentially distinguish serrated versus nonserrated hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci in humans. Cancer Res. 2007;67:3551–3554
  36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Questionnaire. Atlanta (Ga): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003;
  37. Brown LM, Pottern LM, Silverman DT, et al. Multiple myeloma among blacks and whites in the United States: role of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages. Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8:610–614
  38. Anderson JC, Latreille M, Messina C, et al. Smokers as a high-risk group: data from a screening population. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43:747–752
  39. Kudo S, Kashida H, Tamura T. Early colorectal cancer: flat or depressed type. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(Suppl):D66–D70
  40. Kudo S, Tamura S, Hirota S, et al. The problem of de novo colorectal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A:1118–1120
  41. Schoen RE, Gerber LD, Margulies C. The pathologic measurement of polyp size is preferable to the endoscopic estimate. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;46:492–496
  42. Kiesslich R, von Bergh M, Hahn M, et al. Chromoendoscopy with indigocarmine improves the detection of adenomatous and nonadenomatous lesions in the colon. Endoscopy. 2001;33:1001–1006
  43. Pickhardt PJ, Nugent PA, Choi JR, et al. Flat colorectal lesions in asymptomatic adults: implications for screening with CT virtual colonoscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:1343–1347
  44. Rex DK. PRO: patients with polyps smaller than 1 cm on computed tomographic colonography should be offered colonoscopy and polypectomy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1903–1905discussion 1907-8
  45. Campbell RJ, Ferrante JM, Gonzalez EC, et al. Predictors of advanced stage colorectal cancer diagnosis: results of a population-based study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2001;25:430–438
  46. Buc E, Kwiatkowski F, Alves A, et al. Tobacco smoking: a factor of early onset of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1893–1896
  47. Michalek AM, Cummings KM. The association between cigarette smoking and age at cancer diagnosis. Hum Biol. 1987;59:631–639
  48. Zisman AL, Nickolov A, Brand RE, et al. Associations between the age at diagnosis and location of colorectal cancer and the use of alcohol and tobacco: implications for screening. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:629–634

 See CME section; p. 1274

 DISCLOSURE: All authors disclosed no financial relationships relevant to this publication. (Research support for this study was provided by the Stony Brook University General Clinical Research Center [grant #MO1RR10710].)

 If you want to chat with an author of this article, you may contact Dr. Anderson at joanderson@uchc.edu.

PII: S0016-5107(09)02866-1

doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.12.012

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Volume 71, Issue 7 , Pages 1234-1240 , June 2010

Article Tools