Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Volume 49, Issue 5 , Pages 566-572 , May 1999

Is routinely given conscious sedation of benefit during colonoscopy?

Received 12 June 1998 ,Revised 15 October 1998 ,Accepted 29 December 1998.

References 

  1. Keeffe EB, O'Connor KW. 1989 A/S/G/E survey of endoscopic sedation and monitoring practices. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990;36:S13–S18
  2. Arrowsmith JB, Gerstman BB, Fleischer DE, Benjamin SB. Results from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy/U.S. Food and Drug Administration collaborative study on complication rates and drug use during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37:421–427
  3. Froehlich F, Gonvers JJ, Fried M. Conscious sedation, clinically relevant complications and monitoring of endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey in Switzerland. Endoscopy. 1994;26:231–234
  4. Schutz SM, Lee JG, Schmitt CM, Almon M, Baillie J. Clues to patient dissatisfaction with conscious sedation for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;89:1476–1479
  5. Lazzaroni M, Bianchi Porro G. Preparation, premedication, and surveillance. Endoscopy. 1996;28:6–12
  6. McCloy RF, Pearson RC. Which agent and how to deliver it? a review of benzodiazepine sedation and its reversal in endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990;25(Suppl):7–11
  7. Lo S, Yanni G, Akashi K, Chan S, Snape W. Colonoscopy and ileoscopy without sedation [abstract]. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84:1188
  8. Herman FN. Avoidance of sedation during total colonoscopy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33:70–72
  9. Ueno F, Takahashi H, Arakawa S, Mitsushima T. Is sedation/analgesia necessary for colonoscopy [abstract]?. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37:265
  10. Seow-Choen F, Leong AFPK, Tsang C. Selective sedation for colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40:661–664
  11. Rahmani E, Rex DK, Rupp TH, Lehman GA. Is routine sedation during colonoscopy necessary [abstract]?. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41:327
  12. Cataldo PA. Colonoscopy without sedation: a viable alternative. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:257–261
  13. Ristikankare MKO, Julkunen RJK. Premedication for gastrointestinal endoscopy is a rare practice in Finland: a nationwide survey. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;47:204–207
  14. Williams CB. Comfort and quality in colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40:769–770
  15. Froehlich F, Thorens J, Schwizer W, Preisig M, Kohler M, Hays RD, et al.  Sedation and analgesia for colonoscopy: patient tolerance, pain, and cardiorespiratory parameters. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;45:1–9
  16. Rembacken BJ, Axon ATR. The role of pethidine in sedation for colonoscopy. Endoscopy. 1995;27:244–247
  17. Lewis BS, Shlien RD, Waye JD, Knight RJ, Aldoroty RA. Diazepam versus midazolam (versed) in outpatient colonoscopy: a double-blind randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;35:33–36
  18. Chokhavatia S, Nguyen L, Williams R, Kao J, Heavner JE. Sedation and analgesia for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88:393–396
  19. Ginsberg GG, Lewis JH, Gallagher JE, Fleischer DE, al-Kawas FH, Nguyen CC, et al.  Diazepam versus midazolam for colonoscopy: a prospective evaluation of predicted versus actual dosing requirements. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38:651–656
  20. Notini-Gudmarsson A-K, Dolk A, Jakobsson J, Johansson C. Nitrous oxide: a valuable alternative for pain relief and sedation during routine colonoscopy. Endoscopy. 1996;28:283–287
  21. Rösing C, Trinkl W, Rösing K, Gebhardt B. Midazolam plus ketamine as premedication for colonoscopies: a double-blind, randomized study. Med Klin. 1991;86:190–193
  22. Saunders BP, Fukumoto M, Halligan S, Masaki T, Love S, Williams CB. Patient-administered nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation provides effective sedation and analgesia for colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40:418–421
  23. DiPalma JA, Herrera JL, Weis FR, Dark-Mezick DL, Brown RS. Alfentanil for conscious sedation during colonoscopy. South Med J. 1995;88:630–634
  24. Lindblom A, Jansson O, Jeppsson B, Törnebrandt K, Benoni C, Hedenbro JL. Nitrous oxide for colonoscopy discomfort: a randomized double-blind study. Endoscopy. 1994;26:283–286
  25. Trojan J, Saunders BP, Woloshynowych M, Debinsky HS, Williams CB. Immediate recovery of psychomotor function after patient-administered nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation for colonoscopy. Endoscopy. 1997;29:17–22
  26. Macken E, Gevers AM, Hendrickx A, Rutgeers P. Midazolam versus diazepam in lipid emulsion as conscious sedation for colonoscopy with or without reversal of sedation with flumazenil. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;47:57–61
  27. Bell GD, Spickett GP, Reeve PA, Morden A, Logan RFA. Intravenous midazolam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a study of 800 consecutive cases relating dose to age and sex of patient. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;23:241–243
  28. Lindahl SGE. The use of midazolam in premedication. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1990;34(Suppl):79–83
  29. Revill SI, Robinson JO, Rosen M, Hogg MIJ. The reliability of a linear analogue for evaluating pain. Anaesthesia. 1976;31:1191–1198
  30. Kremer E, Atkinson JH, Ignelzi RJ. Measurement of pain: patient preference does not confound pain measurement. Pain. 1981;10:241–249
  31. Rodney WM, Dabov G, Orientale E, Reeves WP. Sedation associated with a more complete colonoscopy. J Fam Pract. 1993;36:394–400
  32. Yuno K, Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Hifumi K, Omori M. Intravenous midazolam as a sedative for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996;10:981–984
  33. Cotton PB, Williams CB. Practical gastrointestinal endoscopy. In: 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 1996;p. 231
  34. Bianchi-Porro G, Lazzaroni M. Preparation, premedication and surveillance. Endoscopy. 1992;24:1–8
  35. Hartke RH, Gonzales-Rothi RJ, Abbey NC. Midazolam-associated alterations in cardiorespiratory function during colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;35:232–238
  36. Dark DS, Campbell DR, Wesselius LJ. Arterial oxygen desaturation during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:1317–1321
  37. Freeman ML, Hennessy JT, Cass OW, Pheley AM. Carbon dioxide retention and oxygen desaturation during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastroenterology. 1993;105:331–339
  38. Jurell KR, O'Connor KW, Slack J, Fraiz J, Shaar CJ, Kent L, et al.  Effect of supplemental oxygen on cardiopulmonary changes during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40:665–670

 Reprint requests: Matti Ristikankare, MD, Department of Medicine, Unit of Gastroenterology, Kuopio University Hospital, FIN-70210 Kuopio, Finland.

☆☆ 37/1/96729

PII: S0016-5107(99)70383-4

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Volume 49, Issue 5 , Pages 566-572 , May 1999